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| 239 BC |
| | Ptolemy III issues the Decree of Canopus, the earliest known in the Ptolemaic series of public decrees inscribed in stone in two languages and three scripts | |
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| 196 BC |
| | The text of the Rosetta stone is chiselled into a black basalt slab in the three scripts hieroglyphic Egyptian, demotic Egyptian, and Greek | |
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| 51 BC |
| | Ptolemy XII dies, leaving Egypt to his young son, now Ptolemy XIII, and to his older daughter Cleopatra | |
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| 51 BC |
| | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 30 BC |
| | Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria | |
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| 30 BC |
| | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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| 30 BC |
| | Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs | |
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| 30 BC |
| | With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control | |
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